Concepts in Autopsy Investigation

Concepts in Autopsy Investigation Homicide Investigation Outline the five specific steps involved in the complete medicolegal autopsy (postmortem examination) and provide the purposes for doing it. Evaluate the differences between: 1) the cause of death, 2) the manner of death, and 3) the mode of death. Science keeps on shaping the universe of equity, filling wrongdoing examinations and meaning the advancement of current innovation. While measurable science incorporates a huge number of strategies, the writing to take after will concentrate on the craft of criminological post-mortem. In spite of the fact that autopsies are all the most frequently utilized for purposes disconnected to wrongdoing, they assume such an urgent part in homicide examinations, that this field of legal science has an extensive effect on where the examination ought to start (Gallaghe, Burton, McDonald, Goldman, 2003). Legal pathologists perform autopsies with the objective of uncovering as numerous truths applicable to the examination of criminal cases. For example, how the victimized person kicked the bucket, when the death happened, what created the demise, and the way of the death being referred to. Examination of the outer body for different markings or physical gimmicks will give pieces of information w ith respect to how the victimized person kicked the bucket, when the demise happened, what brought about the death, and the way of death of the victimized person being referred to. The outer examination can likewise uncover the personality of the exploited person through recognizing skin colorations, ethnicity, sex, surmised age, hair shade and length, and in addition eye color depending upon the reason for death and/or the state of deterioration in addition to different variables. The inner examination of the body can further answer those inquiries that stay after the outer examination (Roulson, Benbow, Hasleton, 2005). Through various diverse methodologies, the inside examination comprises of reviewing the inward organs of the body for confirmation of trauma or different signs of the reason for death. The significant methods of scientific science and the capacities of the criminological pathologist in the investigative procedure are wonderful and frequently are the beginning stag e for specialists in criminal cases. The writing that takes after uncovers those particular strategies and the reason that they serve in criminological post-mortems. Cause, Mechanism, and Manner of Death At the point when a death occurs, a doctor or therapeutic analyst must round out a death authentication. So as to legitimately finish this archive, they must focus three things: the reason, the instrument, and the way of death. There is regularly disarray about which will be which. The reason for death is the malady or damage that creates the physiological disturbance inside the body, bringing about death, for instance, a shot wound to the midsection. The system of death is the physiological unsettling that brings about the death. An illustration of a system of death because of the discharge wound depicted above is exsanguination (great blood misfortune). To wrap things up, the way of death is the way the death came to fruition. Outline and describe the nine specific things about the body that can help to identify it and prepare it for an autopsy After death examinations consider the assessment of new indicative tests, surgical systems, gadgets, and medications. The revelation of infectious diseases, heritable sicknesses, and natural poisons is conceivable. The posthumous revelation of word related maladies and an ecological peril give profit to the group. Post-mortem examination likewise gives an expansion of therapeutic learning and intends to record the well being of society by creating substantial mortality facts (Roulson, Benbow, Hasleton, 2005). In legal post-mortem examinations, the after death examination builds the reason and the way of death. Despite whether a post-mortem examination is for restorative or scientific purposes, an educated choice with respect to the post-mortem starts with learning pathologists, clinicians, and human services foundations. Lawful contemplations encompass death the autopsy ought to be viewed as and included in post-mortem examination exchanges. Pathologists need to be concerned with issues of approval, execution, deformation, organ maintenance, disappointment to diagnose, and the unapproved arrival of the post-mortem discoveries (report). The apprehension of medicinal carelessness claims focused around post-mortem examination execution or nonperformance is likewise of critics to both clinicians and health awareness establishments. Explain why the bodies of alcoholics are more difficult to accurately determine the cause of death as suspicious or possibly homicidal. The deciding reason for death is the most imperative undertaking a pathologist can perform amid the course of a post-mortem. Regarding legitimateness it is a need for law authorization to have the capacity to demonstrate without question that the expert has passed on of means other than characteristic reasons. Without a doubt such are the facts of homicide in parts of the world that it is a fundamental necessity for any person who has passed on suddenly to have an examination performed on them to demonstrate unquestionably the reason for death and preclude the possibility of treachery. Variables to Consider Deciding the reason for death is carried out by taking various components into thought. Firstly was the deceased found in an area where he or she would not regularly have been? Were they in a state of disrobing or have obvious wounds not typically display in a common death? On the off chance that wounds were available would they, say they were the aftereffect of a blade or firearm assault? These inquiries must be addressed and addressed agreeably according to a pathologist. In a few deaths an investigation is important to settle on how an individual died or passed away- be it death by misfortune, unplanned demise or characteristic reasons and a pathologist will be called upon to give master affirmation that will demonstrate without question what the reason for death really was. Choosing a Reason The accurate nature of death is such that demonstrating how it happened can in some cases be a troublesome assignment. There strength, not so much be unmistakable indications of how demise happened and in like manner there power wasnt any history of health to fall over on as a method for conclusion. Medical records, psychiatric or medical reports and explanations from the closest relative are all obliged when demise happens without any cautioning (Roulson, Benbow, Hasleton, 2005). This is so a point by point picture of the singulars life could be developed along the way. This is helpful if for instance the expired experienced large amounts of anxiety and where heart disappointment may have been a probability. At the same time the principle path in which the reason for death might be dead set is via doing a post-mortem examination; a post-mortem offers clear confirmation as to the reason for death furthermore can reveal insight into how the death happened. Case in point if the exploited person died or passed away as an aftereffect of a deadly cutting an autopsy can demonstrate that the culprit was either left given or right, taller or more diminutive, heavier or lighter, all qualities which are helpful in developing a physical profile of the aggressor. In the same way a post-mortem can demonstrate if the expired attempted to safeguard themselves or was just overcome by their aggressor; again valuable data when developing a picture of a wrongdoing. these focuses an examination can likewise go somehow to helping gauge the time of death, something that could be made unpredictable if the expert has been discovered outside or has been found after a long time of being absent. Again, deciding the reason for death and evaluating the time of death are gigantically helpful in any criminal examination and present important intimations as to the last minutes or hours of a singular life before they died. Write and essay describing the five specific purposes of ordering a medicolegal autopsy by the medical examiner and the rationale behind each type of request. Medicolegal examinations give confirmation to legitimate activity and show and make accessible information on ascertainment of the particular reasons for the unnatural demise (crimes, mischance’s, suicides, and so forth.) in a specific geographic range (Roulson, Benbow, Hasleton, 2005). The unnatural death is one of the markers of social and mental wellbeing status of the general public. Crime eludes the death of one person as the aftereffect of behavior of an alternate An autopsy is an exam of the assortment of an individual who has passed on. The motivation behind a post-mortem is to answer addresses about the individuals ailment or the reason for death. Also, examinations give significant data that help specialists, spare the lives of others. Autopsies are performed by extraordinarily prepared doctors, called pathologists. The autopsy starts with a complete outer examination. The body weight and stature are recorded, and recognizing stamps, for example, scars and tattoos are archived. The internal examination starts with the formation of a Y or U- formed cut from both shoulders, joining over the sternum and proceeding down to the pubic bone. Collections of deceasing persons are brought to this office in light of the fact that the law obliges that the restorative analyst research deaths of persons kicking the bucket from savagery, or all of a sudden when in evident wellbeing, or in any suspicious, uncommon or unnatural way. The Medical examiner is in charge of deciding the reason and the way of their demise. A body might likewise be brought to the Restorative examiner’s Office if the personality of the deceased or the closest relative is obscure. The choice regarding whether an autopsy will be performed is at the carefulness of the criminological pathologist relegated to the case. What categories of death can be investigated and only certified by the chief medical examiner or coroner. all deaths in which there is some motivation to accept that the death is not because of a characteristic malady methodology, is a manslaughter, suicide, mischance or one of the numerous sorts of deaths said by law, must be accounted for to the workplace. Just Medical examiner can explore and sign the Demise Testament if the death is identified with a crime, suicide, mishap, a patient with no going to doctor, a mechanic related demise, an unidentified individual or where there is some restorative motivation to consider that the death may be because of an infectious infection Those deaths that are obviously destructive, self-destructive, or happening under suspicious or obscure circumstances Resulting from the unlawful utilization of controlled substances or the utilization or ill-use of chemicals or lethal operators. Occurring while detained or while in the care of a law requirement officer. Apparently unintentional or after a pain or harm. By illness, harm or poisonous operator amid or emerging from work. While not under the consideration of a doctor amid the period promptly going before the demise. Related to illness which may constitute a danger to the wellbeing of the overall population. In which human remains have been discarded offensively References Brian Gallagher, Burton EC, McDonald KM, Goldman L (2003). Changes in rates of autopsy-detected diagnostic errors over time: a systematic review. JAMA 289 (21): 2849–56. Roulson J, Benbow EW, Hasleton PS (2005). Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnosis and the value of post mortem histology; a meta-analysis and review. Histopathology 47 (6): 551–9.

The Backgrounds of Thami and Mr. M

As a young individual, Thiamin was not able to see how his education was so structured and influenced by the government. However, as time progresses, Thiamin cannot appreciate the education, for the people that control what is taught in the schools also force him to live through the horrendous conditions of apartheid. He admits that his education is a political reality in his life. At the end of the novel, Thiamin is faced with a very difficult decision. He ultimately decides to escape the nation because he knows he cannot join the mob and the violence of the people that killed Mr.. M. Thiamin wants change in SouthAfrica. He realizes that the best way to accomplish this goal is to start over in a new place. Standing around in the same township accomplishes nothing, and Thiamin realizes this is not the proper method to bringing about change. Mr.. M has suppressed Thiamin in a tiny environment for all these years, and he finally feels the need to break out and let his voice be heard. M r.. M grew up in a time where apartheid was not present. He had basic freedoms and he was not treated so harshly as the colored are treated in the apartheid period. Mr.. M turns a blind eye to the problems that are present in South Africa.He still believes that modern day South Africa is the same as it was many years ago. It is hard for Mr.. M to fathom the struggle of the colored people in South Africa because everything was integrated when he was a child. This makes it very difficult for Mr.. M, for over a short period of time he was stripped of his basic freedoms. Mr.. M believes that true change lies in the hands of the children, for they are the ones that have a future possibility of sparking change in society. Contrary to Team's belief that education is a politically based system, Mr.. M sees education as a chance to transform his dents into fighters.He wants to give his students inspiration and motive to rebel and question the system of apartheid. Mr.. M also favors education because he is lonely and depressed. Mr.. M deeply values the relationships that he creates with Isabel and Thiamin. It does not seem as if Mr.. M has a significant other in his life. It is strange that he holds such a personal bond with Isabel and Thiamin, and he continues to push them to be active members Of the team so he can spend time with them. He turns Thiamin into the authorities in hopes that it will cause him to return to school.

Community Within Maycomb Essay

So often in a society we are misled at the actual courageous and uncourageous acts that are done amongst a society. Most of the time it is usually because we have our own perception that a society is emulated from the way someone may act or the lineage and community in which some are born into. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee shows the strengths and weaknesses of a community through the white community, black community, and lastly the community within a family. Though there is much strength in a White community, like holding their values high, there are also weaknesses like being racist toward the â€Å"Blacks. For instance Jem points out a weakness in the White community when he tells Scout, â€Å"They’re real sad†¦ They don’t belong anywhere. Colored folks won’t have ‘em because they’re half white; white folks won’t have ‘em cause they’re colored, so they’re just in-between, don’t belong anywhere. † Back during the 1930’s interracial marriage was unheard of and if it was it was thought of as impure or inadequate therefore disregarded. Experts Joyce Moss and Gorge Wilson say, â€Å"†¦ Racial relations where complicated by various restrictions in the 1930’s. Breaking the taboo against sexual intercourse between a black man and a white woman was considered by most whites and some blacks†¦ most serious offence. This kind of miscegenation would ‘taint’ racial purity. † This then re-states the negativity of racism during the time of Maycomb in the White community. Despite of Macomb’s racist perspectives they also share very important morals between their communities. Atticus Finch shares with Scout,† you never really understand a person until you consider things from his [or her] point of view†¦ ntil you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it. †(Chapter 3) This excerpt shows how high Atticus being from the White community, keeps his standards and beliefs held high so that he may be looked up as Macomb’s role model. In conclusion this states, though Maycomb may struggle with some things that still to this very day affect us as a community, Maycomb is also showing how it is to be keeping their morals in mind. From the outside looking in it may seem as though the Black community has no strength despite the fact there is. During the time period the Blacks had no problem with helping one another. If one didn’t know the other one knew and they assisted one another. During church scout asks â€Å"How we gonna sing [the songs] if their aint any hymn books? † â€Å"[Zebo cleared his throat and read in a voice†¦ ]. We tend to always focus on the main idea but this tiny detail helps the Blacks unite with each other because they are able to participate in activities like sing in church by just being able to work with each other to read the hymnal and be a religious community. Scout being from the White community she doesn’t understand the ways of the â€Å"blacks† and how they choose to be one. KJ The book girl states, â€Å"The black community as a whole is a very close congregation, as it has to be to survive the harsh treatment by the white community†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Because the Blacks have been kind of segregated by the White community, it has taught them to become and be closer. In difference to the negative conversations that go on in the Black community as well. You ain’t got no business bringin’ white chillun here—they got their church, we got our’n. It is our church, ain’t it, Miss Cal? † said Lula. This is the first time Jem and Scout experience direct racism which is usually never heard of because they are white. This makes them in a real uncomfortable position in which they have never been. The weakness in the Black community is they are racist back and don’t want to make a difference well most of them anyway. Even though Lula is from the black community she is prejudice towards the whites. This is a weakness in the black community though they help one another they don’t realize how to be the bigger person in the sense of acting with dignity and not stooping and lowering you self to discriminate against different raced people. There are much strength as well as many weaknesses within the kinship of a Family community. Atticus instills within his kids that, â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin, but you begin anyway. † A Review of General Semantics says that,† Atticus agrees to defend a black man named Tom Robinson who has been accused of [a heinous crime] raping Mayella Ewell a white woman. During the trial, Atticus provides sufficient evidence†¦ if fact provides that Mayella’s father Bob[Ewell] is responsible for marks on her face†¦ however the all-white jury convicts Tom[Robinson] away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Action speaks louder than words have always been the saying for a society especially when parents say it. Atticus is teaching his kids the moral of standing up for what is right and to have full courage when doing so. He defends Tom Robinson to not only prove that this man has done nothing wrong but also to teach his kids the moral of standing up for what you believe in and having courage to do so is far more meaning full than feeling powerful verse feeling courageous for doing the right thing. In contrast to the benefits of a positive family community. In contrast to a positive family environment Robert also know as Bob Ewell, is determined to have a black man imprisoned for a crime that he has not committed. Atticus, while on the trial with Mayella Ewell Atticus asks her, â€Å"Why don’t you tell the truth, child, didn’t Bob Ewell beat you up? † Bob Ewell being a horrifying father has done a crime that if people knew what he has done the community would probably never speak to or even regard him again. He has raped and beaten his own flesh and blood. The inhumanity that he possesses within his family as the head of the house hold is unfathomable.

The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2035 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? Knowing the pathophysiology of breast cancer is important. Breast cancer is a very popular disease in women and is also apparent in men. As a nurse its important to know what causes breast cancer, the signs and symptoms of this cancer, different treatment options and risk factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer" essay for you Create order Its also important to know preventative measures in order for the nurse to educate the patient on what to do in order to prevent this disease. It is also important to know the morbidity and mortality of this disease. The nurse should make it her goal in order to decrease this number by teaching good preventative measures. Breast cancers are derived from the epithelial cells that line the terminal duct lobular unit, which forms part of the milk duct. Breast cancer cells remain in the basement membrane and are known as in situ or non invasive. Invasive breast cancer is when when the cancer cells spread outside of the basement membrane of the ducts and lobules, moving their way into the surrounding tissues (McCready 2004) Over 41,000 women in the Uk are diagnosed with breast cancer every year (McCready 2004.) The morbidity of the disease is breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, with an estimated 39,600 deaths in 2002. (Ridner 2002) The etiology of breast cancer is unknown. There 11 different types of normal cell tissues after a study of 3,157 human breast tumors each of the tumors were similar to 1 of the 11 normal cell types. This means that each breast cancer cell is different and each one isnt an exact copy of the normal breast tissue. Since there isnt a clear understand of the origin of breast cancer there has yet to come to a conscious answer of how many types of breast cancer there are. (Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. 2014) Some risk factors that that can’t be changed for breast cancer are being a white woman who is in the post menopausal age group which is roughly 45 and older. Another risk is if a woman started to have periods before the age of 11 and have menopause before the age 45. These patients are twice more likely to get breast cancer because they are exposed to the hormone earlier. Also the age the patient had her first child matters as well if the patient has the first child at 35 is at higher risk than a women who has a child at 20. The reason why that this is a huge risk factor is because having these at these particular times exposes the female body to more hormones than they are normally exposed to during that time. Also it is estimated that 35 percent of women in the UK that gets the cancer develop a second disease. The reproductive history play a big factor. For example 5-10 percent of women in western countries get cancer genetically and chance increases if the person had breast cancer before the age of 50. (McCready 2004). If someone doesnt have children at all or have children and dont breastfeed it could also make the prone to having breast cancer. Breastfeeding is known for having protective mechanism against breast cancer but some believe this is just due to having children and not specifically breastfeeding. Using oral contraceptives or hormone treatment put people at risk as well. If someone is to take oral contraceptives before the age of 20 than people who start at an older age. There is less of a risk with hormone replacement pills and after the first to four years of use the risk isnt there anymore The pathophysiology of breast cancer isnt determined fully yet but there are some theories about what could manifest it.Breast cancer could be caused by the BRCA1 or BRCA2. This genetic mutation makes patients more likely to get breast cancer. (McCready 2004) Once the cells start to grow rapidly it depends on which type of breast cancer tumor the patient has that could affect the growth of the tumor. The tutor would have specific biomarkers: hormone receptor, HER2 positive or triple negative. Her2 -positive tumors tend to grow very fast and are normally more aggressive whereas the other types grow at a slower pace (Mahon, palmieri 2009). Which is why theres different treatment option for different people. If the cancer isnt detected early the tumor could continue to grow and spread and eventually reach other places in the body. It could reach the bone. This is caused by the interaction between the cancer and bone cells. Osteoclast and osteoblast would normally assist each other when it comes to the bone but when breast cancer is present it causes the osteoclast to become overactive. Osteoclast is what breaks down our bones so if it is overactive it will cause out bone to be broken and become more brittle faster than it could be prepared. It could spread to the liver. This could cause discomfort and pain in the live and lead to jaundice. It could spread to the lungs, depending on the size of the tumor would affect if the patient is systematic or not. It could spread to the brain but this is more common in people who were presented with a cancer that was HER 2- positive ( Beaumont 2011). When patients are in the subclinical stage most tumors are detectable by mammogram because they are very small. If the patient performs regular self breast exams they would be able to realize when they are in the prodromal phase since the patients regularly knows what the patients normal breast feels like a small bump would give them a sense of something isnt right. For a patient that doesnt normally do self breast exams or when, when the tumor is fairly large is when they realize that they are in the clinical stage. This is because they sometimes will physically be able to see the tumor because of how large it has gotten. This is due to not knowing what the patients own breasts feel like on a regular basis so those small little lumps dont mean anything cause the patient wouldnt know if its normal or abnormal. The prognosis of the disease depends on the side of the tumor and how far it has spread. It also could be based off the type of tumor it is. Normally when the tumor is in the d ucts it would be considered stage one. As the cancer cells start to grow and start to spread then the stage starts to increase as well. The signs and symptoms of breast cancer could are as follows Breast cancer could cause pitting of the nipples or of the skin. The pitting is due to inflation in the underlying tissue of the breast caused by nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (Wei,Qi, Li, Tan, Ren, Wang (2017). A lump or tumor could be palpable through the skin. The tumor is caused by a cluster of overgrown cells in a specific area that if not spotted early could spread to other parts of the breast, lymph nodes and body, (McCready 2004) The diagnostic exam for breast cancer would be a mammogram, which causes two plates to squeeze the breast tissue and if there is a lump it produces a scan which would show a white dot on the breast. After a dot is noticed on the mammogram a biopsy is then taken in order to see if the lump is benign or cancerous. When a biopsy i taken it is used along side either a mammography or an ultrasound. This is so the needle could be guided correctly into the lump. A fine needle biopsy is used for cytology and a core biopsy is used for histology. A clinical breast exam should also be done regularly. This is done by feeling the breast for any abnormalities. (McCready 2004). Breast cancer could be treated by surgery,radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Theres two types of surgery options. Theres breast conversion and mastectomy. Breast conversion is when they would localize the tumor and take out the tumor along with a one centimeter magin around it. A mastectomy is when the entire breast tissue is removed along with some underlying tissue. After a mastectomy most patients would be able to receive some breast reconstruction . Another option for treatment is radiotherapy. Radiotherapy would be offered to patient if they have a risk of recurrence. A patient who received a lumpectomy would receive radiation in order to prevent the recurrence since breast tissue is still present. When a patient goes for radiation they would receive treatments daily for three to five weeks. Another option would be chemotherapy. It is suggested that patients that have breast cancer receive some type of chemotherapy in order to have a better chance of survival. This is suggested because after surgery and radiotherapy some patients had micrometastatic present and the chemotherapy would get rid of them. Another type of treatment is hormone therapy. This is because most breast cancer hold onto oestrogen receptors and in the patient this will have control over the cancer cells. Tamoxifen is an anti-oestrogen drug that binds to the oestrogen receptors on breast cancer cells. This is beneficial to patients who have positive oestrogen cancer cells. This is most beneficial when a 20 mg dose is taken for five years. ( 2004) There are many different complications when it comes to breast cancer. For example some things include like swelling and tenderness of the breast. There also a lot of psychological effects that happen as well. These include fear, sadness and feelings of isolation ( 2004). This can happen when the patient has a hard time trying to go back to the life they have and thoughts of relapse can really haunt them. Another example is that after 20-30 percent off women go through body imaging and sexuality issues after a mastectomy ( 2004). Also 30 percent of women that have breast cancer end up developing an anxiety state or a depressive illness, that is 3-4 times more than the rest of population. Also there can sense of loss to a couple of things. For example a loss of health, choice, control and uncertainty of the future ( 2004). These reasons are why a nurse should be aware of the possible problems that may occur and be ready to engaged accordingly. Another complication is that Im conclusio n metastatic breast cancer is a huge issue and it needs to be careful assessed by the nurse and full medical team. It also very important for the nurse to educate the patient on any type of preventative measures so the disease would occur. Making sure to check up on the patient after the medications and going through all those procedures is very important so they dont end up with many psychological issues. References Beaumont, T., Leadbeater, M. (2011). Treatment and care of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Nursing Standard, 25(40), 49–60. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=104646930site=ehost-live ( Beaumont 2011) Ridner SH. (2002). Breast cancer lymphedema: pathophysiology and risk reduction guidelines. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(9), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1188/02.ONF.1285-1293 (Ridner 2002) Wei, Y., Huang, H., Qiu, Z., Li, H., Tan, J., Ren, G., Wang, X. (2017). NLRP1 Overexpression Is Correlated with the Tumorigenesis and Proliferation of Human Breast Tumor. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4938473 (Wei,Qi, Li, Tan, Ren, Wang (2017) McCready T. (2004). Continuing professional development. Management of patients with breast cancer. Primary Health Care, 14(6), 41–50. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=106655456site=ehost-live ( McCready 2004) Mahon SM, Palmieri FM. (2009). Metastatic breast cancer: the individualization of therapy. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1188/09.CJON.S1.19-28 (Mahon, palmieri 2009) Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. (2014). Taxonomy of breast cancer based on normal cell phenotype predicts outcome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(2), 859–870. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI70941 (Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. 2014)