The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2035 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? Knowing the pathophysiology of breast cancer is important. Breast cancer is a very popular disease in women and is also apparent in men. As a nurse its important to know what causes breast cancer, the signs and symptoms of this cancer, different treatment options and risk factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer" essay for you Create order Its also important to know preventative measures in order for the nurse to educate the patient on what to do in order to prevent this disease. It is also important to know the morbidity and mortality of this disease. The nurse should make it her goal in order to decrease this number by teaching good preventative measures. Breast cancers are derived from the epithelial cells that line the terminal duct lobular unit, which forms part of the milk duct. Breast cancer cells remain in the basement membrane and are known as in situ or non invasive. Invasive breast cancer is when when the cancer cells spread outside of the basement membrane of the ducts and lobules, moving their way into the surrounding tissues (McCready 2004) Over 41,000 women in the Uk are diagnosed with breast cancer every year (McCready 2004.) The morbidity of the disease is breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, with an estimated 39,600 deaths in 2002. (Ridner 2002) The etiology of breast cancer is unknown. There 11 different types of normal cell tissues after a study of 3,157 human breast tumors each of the tumors were similar to 1 of the 11 normal cell types. This means that each breast cancer cell is different and each one isnt an exact copy of the normal breast tissue. Since there isnt a clear understand of the origin of breast cancer there has yet to come to a conscious answer of how many types of breast cancer there are. (Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. 2014) Some risk factors that that can’t be changed for breast cancer are being a white woman who is in the post menopausal age group which is roughly 45 and older. Another risk is if a woman started to have periods before the age of 11 and have menopause before the age 45. These patients are twice more likely to get breast cancer because they are exposed to the hormone earlier. Also the age the patient had her first child matters as well if the patient has the first child at 35 is at higher risk than a women who has a child at 20. The reason why that this is a huge risk factor is because having these at these particular times exposes the female body to more hormones than they are normally exposed to during that time. Also it is estimated that 35 percent of women in the UK that gets the cancer develop a second disease. The reproductive history play a big factor. For example 5-10 percent of women in western countries get cancer genetically and chance increases if the person had breast cancer before the age of 50. (McCready 2004). If someone doesnt have children at all or have children and dont breastfeed it could also make the prone to having breast cancer. Breastfeeding is known for having protective mechanism against breast cancer but some believe this is just due to having children and not specifically breastfeeding. Using oral contraceptives or hormone treatment put people at risk as well. If someone is to take oral contraceptives before the age of 20 than people who start at an older age. There is less of a risk with hormone replacement pills and after the first to four years of use the risk isnt there anymore The pathophysiology of breast cancer isnt determined fully yet but there are some theories about what could manifest it.Breast cancer could be caused by the BRCA1 or BRCA2. This genetic mutation makes patients more likely to get breast cancer. (McCready 2004) Once the cells start to grow rapidly it depends on which type of breast cancer tumor the patient has that could affect the growth of the tumor. The tutor would have specific biomarkers: hormone receptor, HER2 positive or triple negative. Her2 -positive tumors tend to grow very fast and are normally more aggressive whereas the other types grow at a slower pace (Mahon, palmieri 2009). Which is why theres different treatment option for different people. If the cancer isnt detected early the tumor could continue to grow and spread and eventually reach other places in the body. It could reach the bone. This is caused by the interaction between the cancer and bone cells. Osteoclast and osteoblast would normally assist each other when it comes to the bone but when breast cancer is present it causes the osteoclast to become overactive. Osteoclast is what breaks down our bones so if it is overactive it will cause out bone to be broken and become more brittle faster than it could be prepared. It could spread to the liver. This could cause discomfort and pain in the live and lead to jaundice. It could spread to the lungs, depending on the size of the tumor would affect if the patient is systematic or not. It could spread to the brain but this is more common in people who were presented with a cancer that was HER 2- positive ( Beaumont 2011). When patients are in the subclinical stage most tumors are detectable by mammogram because they are very small. If the patient performs regular self breast exams they would be able to realize when they are in the prodromal phase since the patients regularly knows what the patients normal breast feels like a small bump would give them a sense of something isnt right. For a patient that doesnt normally do self breast exams or when, when the tumor is fairly large is when they realize that they are in the clinical stage. This is because they sometimes will physically be able to see the tumor because of how large it has gotten. This is due to not knowing what the patients own breasts feel like on a regular basis so those small little lumps dont mean anything cause the patient wouldnt know if its normal or abnormal. The prognosis of the disease depends on the side of the tumor and how far it has spread. It also could be based off the type of tumor it is. Normally when the tumor is in the d ucts it would be considered stage one. As the cancer cells start to grow and start to spread then the stage starts to increase as well. The signs and symptoms of breast cancer could are as follows Breast cancer could cause pitting of the nipples or of the skin. The pitting is due to inflation in the underlying tissue of the breast caused by nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (Wei,Qi, Li, Tan, Ren, Wang (2017). A lump or tumor could be palpable through the skin. The tumor is caused by a cluster of overgrown cells in a specific area that if not spotted early could spread to other parts of the breast, lymph nodes and body, (McCready 2004) The diagnostic exam for breast cancer would be a mammogram, which causes two plates to squeeze the breast tissue and if there is a lump it produces a scan which would show a white dot on the breast. After a dot is noticed on the mammogram a biopsy is then taken in order to see if the lump is benign or cancerous. When a biopsy i taken it is used along side either a mammography or an ultrasound. This is so the needle could be guided correctly into the lump. A fine needle biopsy is used for cytology and a core biopsy is used for histology. A clinical breast exam should also be done regularly. This is done by feeling the breast for any abnormalities. (McCready 2004). Breast cancer could be treated by surgery,radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Theres two types of surgery options. Theres breast conversion and mastectomy. Breast conversion is when they would localize the tumor and take out the tumor along with a one centimeter magin around it. A mastectomy is when the entire breast tissue is removed along with some underlying tissue. After a mastectomy most patients would be able to receive some breast reconstruction . Another option for treatment is radiotherapy. Radiotherapy would be offered to patient if they have a risk of recurrence. A patient who received a lumpectomy would receive radiation in order to prevent the recurrence since breast tissue is still present. When a patient goes for radiation they would receive treatments daily for three to five weeks. Another option would be chemotherapy. It is suggested that patients that have breast cancer receive some type of chemotherapy in order to have a better chance of survival. This is suggested because after surgery and radiotherapy some patients had micrometastatic present and the chemotherapy would get rid of them. Another type of treatment is hormone therapy. This is because most breast cancer hold onto oestrogen receptors and in the patient this will have control over the cancer cells. Tamoxifen is an anti-oestrogen drug that binds to the oestrogen receptors on breast cancer cells. This is beneficial to patients who have positive oestrogen cancer cells. This is most beneficial when a 20 mg dose is taken for five years. ( 2004) There are many different complications when it comes to breast cancer. For example some things include like swelling and tenderness of the breast. There also a lot of psychological effects that happen as well. These include fear, sadness and feelings of isolation ( 2004). This can happen when the patient has a hard time trying to go back to the life they have and thoughts of relapse can really haunt them. Another example is that after 20-30 percent off women go through body imaging and sexuality issues after a mastectomy ( 2004). Also 30 percent of women that have breast cancer end up developing an anxiety state or a depressive illness, that is 3-4 times more than the rest of population. Also there can sense of loss to a couple of things. For example a loss of health, choice, control and uncertainty of the future ( 2004). These reasons are why a nurse should be aware of the possible problems that may occur and be ready to engaged accordingly. Another complication is that Im conclusio n metastatic breast cancer is a huge issue and it needs to be careful assessed by the nurse and full medical team. It also very important for the nurse to educate the patient on any type of preventative measures so the disease would occur. Making sure to check up on the patient after the medications and going through all those procedures is very important so they dont end up with many psychological issues. References Beaumont, T., Leadbeater, M. (2011). Treatment and care of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Nursing Standard, 25(40), 49–60. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=104646930site=ehost-live ( Beaumont 2011) Ridner SH. (2002). Breast cancer lymphedema: pathophysiology and risk reduction guidelines. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(9), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1188/02.ONF.1285-1293 (Ridner 2002) Wei, Y., Huang, H., Qiu, Z., Li, H., Tan, J., Ren, G., Wang, X. (2017). NLRP1 Overexpression Is Correlated with the Tumorigenesis and Proliferation of Human Breast Tumor. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4938473 (Wei,Qi, Li, Tan, Ren, Wang (2017) McCready T. (2004). Continuing professional development. Management of patients with breast cancer. Primary Health Care, 14(6), 41–50. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=106655456site=ehost-live ( McCready 2004) Mahon SM, Palmieri FM. (2009). Metastatic breast cancer: the individualization of therapy. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1188/09.CJON.S1.19-28 (Mahon, palmieri 2009) Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. (2014). Taxonomy of breast cancer based on normal cell phenotype predicts outcome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(2), 859–870. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI70941 (Santagata, S., Thakkar, A., Ergonul, A., Wang, B., Woo, T., Hu, R., Harrell,C., McNamara,G., Schwede,M., Culhane,A., Kindelberger,D., Rodig,S., Richardson,A., Schnitt, S., Tamimi, R.M., Ince, T. A. 2014)

Poverty Between Poverty And Poverty - 1322 Words

Poverty has been a prevalent issue that has plagued the world’s economy for years, fortunately, global poverty rates seem to be declining . In order to understand why this decline is occurring, one must first understand levels of poverty. In an article published by The Economist they claims that there are different levels of poverty, they use extreme poverty (absolute poverty), and relative poverty as the two definitions . Extreme poverty refers to the world banks â€Å"poverty line†. In 2011 the â€Å"World Bank updated its international poverty line to USD $1.90 a day† . This means that any person living on less than USD $1.90 a day is considered to be living in extreme poverty, generally, individuals who live in the third world be more†¦show more content†¦The decline in global poverty rates can be attributed to economic factors such as, globalization, which refers to increase in trade and financial integration of the world economy (cite, Ayhan Kose) , and education and its effects on the economy. Firstly, one huge byproduct of globalization is a process called outsourcing. Christian Caron, a Sociology professor at the University of Toronto defines outsourcing as the process in which large corporations send production and services to firms in less developed countries . This creates jobs in less developed countries, thus boosting their economy, while the corporations end up paying fewer taxes in the more developed countries. Outsourcing has become a very common practice in the first world, and in trade, creating a larger demand for jobs in the third world, ultimately, boosting the economy of all countries involved Education is a top priority for many countries. The higher the literacy rates in a particular country, the more specialized jobs there will be for the population, in trade this has a positive effect on the overall GDP of the state. The key relationship of GDP and literacy rates is shown through specialized jobs, specialized jobs create more work, and creates a diversity in job opportunities for a society (not just manual labor jobs) (cite). Although many third world countries often lack schooling and education, there have been efforts byShow MoreRelatedPoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1875 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty eradication has become one of the main goals within the last few decades as shown through the recently expired Millennium Development Goals and the subsequent Sustainable Development Goals. Poverty, in turn, is influential as high poverty causes worse health outcomes within a country. Poverty severely affects several aspects of quality of life, such as health, happi ness. This makes it important to evaluate the quality of life within a country. Poverty and Inequality have been linked togetherRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The poverty line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1501 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals in poverty face their own problems and cope with them in their own way. People in poverty may face problems with their health and well-being (Fauth, Leventhal, and Brooks-Gunn 250). They may not be able to afford medical care, and the environments of poverty could contribute to poor health or injury. Also, poverty leads to a lack of resources which causes a lack in development (Broosky, O’Campo, and Aronson 660). Without the same resources as others, people may not be as well off. TheyRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty831 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty line is a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards. Generally, a person who falls below this line is without any basic needs like food, shelter, clothing etc. Every government strives to reduce the number of poor people in the country. The poverty line should be defined in such a way that no needy person is left out. Around the world, in rich or poor nations, poverty has always been present. It’s a very important tool inRead MoreInequality Between Poverty And Poverty1139 Words   |  5 Pageslast two decades in ending the terms of inequalities an d poverty. Many countries are determined to improve their economy, and become fully developed just like the United States. In my home country, Kuwait, poverty do not exist, however, inequalities do. 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It is evident that it is the people in poverty themselves that is the underlying cause ofRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Between Poverty And Poverty1654 Words   |  7 PagesFifty years after the declaration of war on poverty, an increasing number of children still grow up in poverty in this country. Poverty is now more determinative than race as a predictor of student educational success (Reardon, 2013). The achievement gap between the poor and the more economically advantaged child has actually widened over the last three decades (Reardon, 2013). If we are to provide all children with equal and excellent educational opportunities, it is imperative that we utilize theRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead MoreThe Relationship between Poverty and Crime879 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Poverty and the relationship it has to crime is a long standing sociological, humanists and historical phenomenon. From the plight of the third world to the violence soaked inner city streets of the 1980’s, the relationship of crime and poverty has been the source of a great deal of social commentary. In societies throughout the world and throughout history there has always been a traditional measure of deviance through relative income gaps. Both poverty and crime as well as theirRead MoreRelationship Between Poverty And Crime Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between poverty and crime will be examined in this literature review. The topic is interesting because there is a relationship between poverty and crime. Society uses a system that separates people by social class. Social class is determined by the total amount of income and wealth that a person has. According to Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner (2013), a person’s living expenses and needs are not met du e to the lack of proper wages would be considered living in poverty; the year 2009 a

Legal And Bureaucratic Accountability Of The Army Corps Of...

While the catastrophic failure of the levees in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina can be attributed to the Army Corps of Engineers (â€Å"Corps†), the Corps’ failures can be attributed to fundamental flaws within the accountability environments they were operating in during both the building and the maintenance of the levees. Legal and bureaucratic accountability were the primary and secondary accountability approaches at work, with legal accountability most notable during their planning and construction process, and bureaucratic accountability taking precedence during their oversight process. Ironically, while these are the forms of accountability that should contain the highest degrees of control, critical failures resulting from each of these accountability environments led to the Corps, in practice, having an extremely low degree of control and ultimately led to the failure of the levees during Hurricane Katrina . As defined by Romzek and Dubnick, legal accountability is based on the relationship between an agency and an external party that controls the agency’s actions using legal or contractual orders. In 1965, as part of the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Louisiana Hurricane Protection Project (â€Å"Project†), Congress authorized the Corps to build a system of levees to protect New Orleans from hurricane damage. With this authorization and the federal government paying 70 percent of the costs, the Corps was legally accountable to Congress and dependent on them for bothShow MoreRelatedThe Classical Theory of Organisation and Its Relevance4143 Words   |  17 Pagesprocess, defined tasks, defined accountability, and formalized procedures and practices to avoid any conflict in their relationship. 2. Workers have been treated as economic man who can be motivated by means of money only. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics - Issue 41 (2010) 61 3. 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Employment Relation in New Zealand †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relation in New Zealand. Answer: Introduction: Since the 1930s the relationship between the government and the union leadership have been strong. The government drafted several legislations which show restoration of the old age pensions, the establishment of the minimum wage in the labour market, guaranteeing dairy prices, and building of state housing for workers. The first Labour government enacted the Arbitration and Industrial Conciliation Amendment Act which introduced compulsory unionism for employees and the restoration of the arbitration system in the labour market (Geare, 2000). Economic and social factors have also contributed to the development of the New Zealand employment relationship. Between the 1950s and 1970s, New Zealand experienced but steady economic growth. The country experienced a high level of unemployment and the slow rise in real wages. Union leaders would not make a lot of demands to protect the rights of their members. However, as the economy improved, union movement grew considerably. They started to demand pay rise for their members leading to numerous labour disputes which resulted in strikes and lockouts (Deeks Rasmussen, 2002). All through economic and social achievement have been the basis used by union leaders to make new demands to the employers; when the profitability level of a company grow, employees demand pay rise (Deeks Rasmussen, 2002). Ideologies and theories such as labour process theory, Corporatism, and strategic choice theory have also contributed to the employment relationship in New Zealand. Generally, the three theories state that an economy needs labour and capital to grow. Considering that New Zealand relies on the production sector, companies tend to focus on increasing their capital while infringing the rights of their employees. Likewise, with industrialization, conflicts arose leading to national movement with the society demanding for employment opportunities in the companies, fair wages, and housing. Such movement was witnessed in New Zealand in the 1930 and contributed to the current stability in the labour market (Geare, 2000). Duties of the employer as listed under ERA are: a) ensuring that the workplace is safe; b) offering employees paid leave; c) avoiding discrimination against the employees; d) proving written agreements to the employees; e) taking responsibility for the actions by the employees as long as such actions are lawful; and f) to convert surveillance by the use of cameras and other methods as long as it is done as prescribed under the law (Employment New Zealand, 2003). On the other hand, the employees have the following roles and responsibilities as stipulated under ERA. They are; a) be ready to work by willingly performing the duties specified in the written employment agreement; b) Obeying instructions from the employer or his/ her representatives as far as they are lawful; c) Refusing to perform dangerous assignments; d) Performing overtime works as long as they are listed under the employment contract; e) avoid misconducts while at work; f) ensure that the workplace is safe; g) show fidelity; and h) take care of the employers property and equipment (Employment New Zealand, 2003). Other acts under the New Zealand employment legislation are; The Holidays Act 2003 state that employees have a right to paid sick leave, bereavement leave, and annual leave. The Wage Protection Act 1983 states that employees cannot control how an employee spends his wage. The Minimum Wage Act 1983 offers a minimum wage that should be paid to the employees. The act also provides a weekly working hour of 40 hours. Parental Leave and Employment Protection Act 1987 which states that employees should provide for paid and unpaid parental leaves. Equal Pay Act 1972 states that employees performing similar duties should be offered equal pay irrespective of their sex. Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 states that employees and anyone at the workplace are responsible for safety and health. Human Rights Act 1993 states that employees cannot be discriminated on the basis of their race, age or sex. Privacy Act 1993 states that an employer can collect, store and use employees information for the purposes captured in the employment contract. Protected Disclosure Act 2000 offers protection for the employees who disclose information on the unlawful wrongdoing being carried out by their employers. The mechanism for individual and collective bargaining is captured under section 54(3) of the Employment Relations Act. The primary mechanism of resolving labour disputes or conducting individual and collective bargaining in through mediation. Mediation is a most preferred process of collective and individual bargaining because it is mutually satisfactory, creative and fast. Parties can still maintain a normal relationship after mediation because it preserves and mends frayed relationship at the workplace (Employment New Zealand, 2003). The definition and legality of strike and lockout are addressed under part 8 of the Employment Relationship Act 2000. Strike is defined as, the act of a number of employees who are or have been in the employment of the same employer or of different employers discontinue their employment wholly or partially (Employment New Zealand, 2003). On the other hand, the lockout is defined as, a temporary work stoppage or denial of employment initiated by the employer during a labour dispute (Employment New Zealand, 2003). A strike or lockout is deemed to be legal if it does not fall under section 86 which address unlawful strike or lockout. Likewise, a strike or lockout can as well be legal on safety grounds. Where a trade union of the employer has reasonable safety grounds to believe that a strike or lockout justified, then the action has a legal backing (Employment New Zealand, 2003). Under the ERA at 2000 good faith describes an acceptable relationship between the employee (union) and the employee when resolving a labour dispute through a negotiated collective bargaining agreement. According to part 8 of the Act, the two parties are supposed to deal openly, honestly and not mislead each other. Good faith requires the union and the employer to remain constructive and active to establish and maintain a productive relationship (Employment New Zealand, 2003). In New Zealand, the Employment Authority is established under the Department of Labour. According to ERA act 2000, State institution plays several roles in the employment relationship. One of such roles is resolving employment disputes. In case mediation fails to resolve the dispute, the case is then forwarded to the Employment Relationship Authority (Employment New Zealand, 2003). Other state institutions such as the police and the judiciary can be directly involved in the employment relationship. For instance, the police might be called upon to restore calm when chaos break during labour disputes. Likewise, labour courts conduct the arbitration in case of a labour dispute. The Labour Inspector has a responsibility to ensure that labour Acts or their provisions have been fully complied with. Likewise, the officer has to employ necessary steps to monitor and enforce compliance with the established employment standards (Employment New Zealand, 2003). References Deeks, J., Rasmussen, E. (2002). Employment relations in New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Prentice Hall. Employment New Zealand. (2003). Legislation:Employment New Zealand. Employment New Zealand. J, G. A. (2000). Industrial relations: A general introduction and the New Zealand system . Dunedin : Firre.

Significance of the Event

Introduction The Labor Day carnival is also referred to as the Labor Day parade or the West Indian Carnival. It offers an extravagant fusion of costumes, cultures, music, and food. This annual celebration takes place in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York City. The date of these festivities coincides with the commemoration of the American Labor Day that is on the first Monday every September.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Significance of the Event – The Labor Day Ð ¡arnival specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The festival attracts a crowd of three million people both participants and spectators for its numerous events. Besides, the main attraction is the parade along the Eastern Parkway that has made this festival so popular. The parade consists of thousands of people dressed in elaborate, creative and rainbow colored costumes specially made for this day. It should also be mentioned that the celebra tion is a multicultural affair involving people from South America, Central America and the Caribbean islands. The participating countries include Guyana and Suriname from South America, Belize in Central America, the Caribbean states of Jamaica, Haiti, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago and many others (WIADCA). The event started as an indoor event that saw Ms. Jessie Wadell and her friends dressed up in the elaborate costumes to dance to diverse music. It has evolved from the 1950s to become a major celebration of culture in New York City. Other events during the carnival include pageants, j’ouvert, after-parade party and also a savory display of cultural dishes for the participants. The first information on the Labor Day carnival that is known was printed in the Souvenir Journal for West Indies, thus being an advertisement of the first ever West Indies carnival. The popularity of the event and growing fan base have necessitated the organizers to move the event outdoors to accommodate the rapidly growing number of people and activities. The festival lasts several days but the final day usually starts at â€Å"j’ouvert†, which means a day-break in French. This ritual commences on the final day and is followed by kid events such as mini parades and other fun activities for children.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main event is the parade along the Eastern Parkway and is the highlight of the day that ends at exactly six in the evening. This is followed by the after-parade party where various bands play cultural music. The delicacies served on this day have no specific time; the spicy finger food is available throughout the day. It is worth noting that the Labor Day carnival has greatly influenced the popular culture musically and has been mentioned in Calypso and Soca music from Trinidad and most recently in Jay -Z’s song â€Å"Empire state of mind† (Flower). Despite being a major success, the carnival has had its share of flaws because of the violence that took place. The shootings, stabbing and stampede experienced during these festivities have led to the cancellation of several celebrations but the organizers are ardent in ensuring that the event goes in without such hitches. Historical significance of the event to the people The West Indies carnival has its history intertwined with the French colonization of the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. It was considered an upper class event that saw the rich dress up in garments that mocked the misery of the slave life. Furthermore, the slaves were not allowed to take part in it and watched from afar with the only duty to occasionally put out the cane field fire set by the rich during the parade. After their liberation from slavery, they decided to carry on with this tradition and add their own traditions to the fete such as stick fighting and drums. This was in a bid to exercise their newfound freedom and in return they mocked their former owners and wore masks. The migration of the Caribbean people to America brought the festivities with them to the states. They held carnivals because they were homesick and needed to feel at home. The carnival is a celebration of the West Indies people for their liberation from the colonialists and the installation of a new culture they acquired from the French. The adoption of these festivities by the Caribbean American in New York is a growth of cultural interactions in a foreign land.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Significance of the Event – The Labor Day Ð ¡arnival specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact that they are allowed to hold parades and cultural parties shows the willingness of the Caribbean Americans and American citizens to live together in harmony. The negative bits from the carnival such as violence, crime and sexual assault can be attributed to clash of different cultures (French). Since not everyone at the festival is aware that the costumes are a means of self-expression rather than an invitation of assault by the semi naked dressing. The carnival tradition represents societal growth from being colonies to their liberation moment, and finally the spread of this unifying culture to foreign lands. The best part is the fact that this tradition takes root in a foreign land and grows with the people. The institution of this culture on the national calendar is a milestone in cultural maturity. The event is not originally American but they have adopted it from the Caribbean Americans to show acceptance and involve them in parties. The diversity of the American experience as it has occurred in, and affected NEW YORK ethnic, racial, religious, regional, gender, or occupation This event brings together people mainly drawn from the Caribbean islands o f Saint Vincent, Haiti, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are from varied ethnic backgrounds but the citizens of the United States of America. Although many would consider them foreigners, these immigrants are from very different backgrounds. The festival also unites different religions since the event is not for a specific religion and the non restriction provides a chance for them to interact without the barrier caused by their faith. The celebrations are open to both genders as there are no reservations for a particular gender and everyone takes part in any activity they desire. For instance, there is a photograph showing a man adorned in a colorful costume ready for the parade. Many cultures reserve dressing up for functions to the female gender only. However, this function clearly shows the inhibitions offered here. The event is a whole family affair involving mothers, fathers, and children. Apart from individuals from the West Indies, the festival has people fro m Central and South America too (MaCallister).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Labor Day carnival is a multicultural event that brings together various cultures from the Central and South America and also the participants from the diverse Caribbean islands. These festivities bring together people of different backgrounds for a common purpose to learn from each other and appreciate various cultures there. The parade sees a colorful display of flags from different nations like Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados and Grenada, which is a sign of togetherness in the American state and the multitude drawn from different origins. The present crowd is treated to a lavish array of recipes from the Caribbean cuisine and a fusion of other dishes from the diverse American society such as variations of the Italian and Spanish foods from the Central America. They share a feast made by different people and in unity learn what is of importance in their beliefs. The food display shows how diverse the American society is in terms of race, ethnicity, and region. The diversity of the enthusiasts of the West Indies carnival is not from one ethnicity since the American society is made of more people from the surrounding regions than the Native Americans. The interaction between different people creates a society that each culture understands. Moreover, the festival creates an environment where people participating learn other cultures easily by seeing the other culture at play and it is more interesting since they also take part in activities being carried out by other cultures. The carnival is a key tourist attraction point in New York and since it occurs at the end of the summer holidays, the event gets to mark the end of a very important holiday season. In addition to capitalizing on the mammoth crowds going to the festival, since it is an annual event, the tourism boom also occurs annually with the festival. Distinguish between primary and secondary sources and explain the value of each for your research purposes Primary sources Primary source is an original source of information the author of which has personal knowledge of the event in question. It can be in the print form or oral form from a person with the facts and had this knowledge at the time being investigated. The primary source can be in the form of a recording or an article. They are very reliable in that they are not distorted or altered as compared to secondary sources that contain a lot of bias. Furthermore, they are accurate and objective in content and are considered most reliable and are used widely for research after an extensive analysis. The main disadvantage of primary sources is the author’s bias, which might affect how they see an event and the continuous alteration of information over time. (â€Å"West Indian Day Parade†) Secondary sources These are sources of information that are derived from the original source by various manipulations such as analysis and translation. They are based on information that is already in existence elsewhere. Seconda ry sources are useful in that due to the evaluation process they undergo the chances that they contain the original author’s bias are minimal. The main disadvantage is the errors it may contain due to the repeated analysis and unending interpretation of the same original document (Moss). You will use secondary sources to place the event within the context of similar historical developments and to analyze its importance to the community in which it occurred. The first ever record of the Labor Day carnival was in a journal the Souvenir Journal for West Indies that this was an advertisement of the first ever West Indies carnival. A journal is a publication that is done after a stated period of time. They can be for leisure or academic purposes. Journals unlike newspapers contain specific information that may not be of interest for the general public, but a specific demographic area. Journals are more expensive than newspapers and accessible to subscribers only. The West Indies C arnival has received a lot of media attention and it has been covered by several articles by the New York Times and the New York Sun. These newspapers are secondary sources of information. Newspapers are print media that is produced daily and is intended to distribute information to the general public. They have four general features: they are universal, public records, produced at regular intervals, and contain current information. Throughout the twentieth century, newspapers were relied on to give information and currently their popularity is declining due to the advent of the internet. The publishing houses, however, are growing with the trend by making their newspapers digital and can be accessed online. Website A web site is an online archive of information about a particular topic that can be accessed by a network such as the internet. This modern source of information contains most of the archived information on the Labor Day carnival. There are numerous websites that have in formation on the celebrations. These are dynamic since they allow the participants to add information online and modify the data that is already there. The websites contain pictures, videos and personal accounts of people who have attended the carnival (â€Å"West Indian Day Parade†). Significance The Labor Day parade is a very important intercultural event in New York City, that is cosmopolitan and has residents from far and wide thus unifying activities are crucial. The growth of New Yorkers as one people is dependent on such occasions that bring together people of different races, religions, and origins. Their interaction shows societal growth to a point beyond seeing one another as foreigners but as people who have their own unique culture. This is a vital show of intercultural maturity of the American society. The carnival fosters peace between different communities. As they party together, they get to learn each other’s culture better and appreciate their differe nces. The understanding of a people’s beliefs encourages mutual respect and guarantees a peaceful existence between them. The peaceful coexistence of these communities ensures that no community is treated as outsiders and hence posing risks of xenophobic violence with time (Scher). Tourist attraction The festival is a focal point to boost tourism in the region. The gathering of many cultures attracts tourists who are keen to experience the variety on display both in clothing and food. The income generated by the tourists can be used to better the region and provide employment to the people who find opportunities during the festival. The event is organized by Americans for everyone else and most of them are not of the American origin. This shows how welcoming the Americans are to people from all over the world hence building their good image internationally as friendly people. This would make their country a favorite destination for tourists and immigrants (Musumeci). This ann ual event brings together the American people with diverse backgrounds to create a new culture that is inclusive of every individual. The event is a lesson for the rest of the world of peaceful coexistence of different cultures by learning from one another and appreciating other people’s beliefs, which builds mutual respect. The challenges overcome by the organizers of the carnival show how important cultural practices are for coexistence, and cultural resilience is vital to solving common conflicts. Thus, by understanding how others live we can also learn the ways of solving common problems. Conclusion The end of the summer holiday is celebrated in style by the Labor Day Carnival in Brooklyn. This day is rich in everything cultural. Even, the food and the music played on this day have a significant cultural bearing. The dawn j’ouvert sets the pace for the fun filled day by sampling the calypso music with its variances such as the Soca music. Then, the parade is underw ay filled with flamboyant display of color with minimum inhibitions. The array of outfits forms a colors’ galore and the rainbow created by revelers – a sight to behold until the next year. The spicy tantalizing food with untold cultural richness is decked out for everyone’s palate. A whole day of partying to multicultural tunes and indulging in exotic cuisine while dressed in wild and pompous outfits; all to express your cultural heritage and celebrate the diverse and endowed cultural diversity of the American people. This event is proof that the differences in a society’s way of life should be celebrated and not be a source of conflict or wrangles. The multicultural New York community is an example of cultural maturity at its best. The growth they have shown should encourage the rest of the American states to embrace their different beliefs. Works Cited Flower, L. Learning to rival: A literate practice for intercultural inquiry. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erl baum, 2010. Print. French, J. Historical and statistical gazetteer of New York State, New York, NY: Pearsall Smith, 2006. Print. MaCallister, J. Thousand are Preparing and Millions Anticipating the 2013 West Indian American Day Carnival and Parade. 2013. Web. Moss, F. The American metropolis from Knickerbocker days to the present time, New York, NY: Touchstone, 2008. Print. Musumeci, N. West Indian Day Parade Kicks Off for 46thYear.  2013. Web. Scher, P., 2008. Becoming a Tile in the Gorgeous Mosaic: West Indian American Day Parade in NYC. Web. â€Å"West Indian Day Parade†, 2013. JPEG file. Web. WIADCA, 2013. Web. This research paper on Significance of the Event – The Labor Day Ð ¡arnival was written and submitted by user Imani Galloway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stony Corals (Hard Corals) Facts

Stony Corals (Hard Corals) Facts Stony corals, also called hard corals (as opposed to soft corals, like sea fans), are the reef-builders of the coral world. Learn more about stony corals - what they look like, how many species there are, and where they live. Characteristics of Stony Corals Secrete a skeleton made of limestone (calcium carbonate).Have polyps that secrete a cup (calyx, or calice) in which they live, and in which it can withdraw for protection. These polyps usually have smooth, rather than feathery tentacles.Are usually transparent. The brilliant colors associated with coral reefs are not caused by the corals themselves, but by algae called zooxanthellae that live within the coral polyps.Are composed of two groups: the colonial corals, or reef-builders, and the solitary corals. Stony Coral Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: CnidariaClass: AnthozoaOrder: Scleractinia According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), there are over 3,000 species of stony corals. Other Names for Stony Corals Stony corals are known by many different names: Hard coralsReef-building coralsHexacoralsHermatypic coralsScleractinian corals Where Stony Corals Live Corals arent always where you think theyd be. Sure, many of the reef-building corals are warm-water corals - restricted to tropical and subtropical areas where the water is salty, warm and clear. The corals actually grow faster when they have more access to the sun. They can build large reefs like the Great Barrier Reef in warmer waters. Then there are corals found in unexpected areas - coral reefs and solitary corals in the deep, dark sea, even as far down as 6,500 feet. These are the deep-water corals, and they can tolerate temperatures as low as 39 degrees F. They can be found around the world. What Stony Corals Eat Most stony corals feed at night, extending their polyps and using their nematocysts to sting passing plankton or small fish, which they pass to their mouth. The prey is ingested, and any waste is expelled out the mouth. Stony Coral Reproduction These corals can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs either when sperm and eggs are released in a mass spawning event, or by brooding, when only sperm are released, and these are captured by female polyps with eggs. One the egg is fertilized, a larva is produced and eventually settles to the bottom. Sexual reproduction allows coral colonies to form in new places. Asexual reproduction occurs through splitting, in which a polyp splits into two, or budding when a new polyp grows out of the side of an existing polyp. Both methods result in the creation of genetically identical polyps - and the growth of a coral reef. Asexual reproduction occurs through splitting, in which a polyp splits into two, or budding when a new polyp grows out of the side of an existing polyp. Both methods result in the creation of genetically identical polyps - and the growth of a coral reef.

Key Battles of World War One

Key Battles of World War One There were many, many battles during World War l across a number of fronts. The following is a list of the key battles with details of dates, which front, and a summary of why they’re notable. All of these battles caused large numbers of casualties, some horrifically high, and many lasted months on end. People didnt just die, although they did that in droves, as many were terribly wounded and had to live with injuries for years. The scar these battles carved into the people of Europe is unforgettable. 1914 Battle of Mons: August 23, Western Front. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) delay the German advance before being forced back. This helps stop a swift German victory.Battle of Tannenberg: August 23–31, Eastern Front. Hindenburg and Ludendorff make their names stopping the Russian advance; Russia will never do this well again.First Battle of the Marne: September 6–12, Western Front. The German advance is fought to a halt near Paris, and they retreat to better positions. The war will not end quickly, and Europe is doomed to years of death.First Battle of Ypres: October 19–November 22, Western Front. The BEF is worn out as a fighting force; a massive wave of recruits is coming. 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes: February. German forces begin an attack which turns into a massive Russian retreat.Gallipoli Campaign: February 19–January 9, 1916, Eastern Mediterranean. The allies attempt to find a breakthrough on another front, but organize their attack badly.Second Battle of Ypres: April 22–May 25, Western Front. The Germans attack and fail, but bring gas as a weapon to the Western Front.Battle of Loos: September 25–Oct 14, Western Front. A failed British attack brings Haig to command. 1916 Battle of Verdun: February 21–December 18, Western Front. Falkenhayn attempts to bleed the French dry, but the plan goes wrong.Battle of Jutland: May 31–June 1, Naval. Britain and Germany meet in a sea battle both sides claim to have won, but neither will risk fighting again.The Brusilov Offensive, Eastern Front. Brusilov’s Russians break the Austro-Hungarian army and force Germany to shift troops east, relieving Verdun. Russia’s greatest WW1 success.Battle of the Somme: July 1–November 18, Western Front. A British attack costs them 60,000 causalities in less than an hour. 1917 Battle of Arras: April 9–May 16, Western Front. Vimy Ridge is a clear success, but elsewhere the allies struggle.Second Battle of the Aisne: April 16–May 9, Western Front. The French Nivelle offensives destroy both his career and the morale of the French army.Battle of Messines: June 7–14, Western Front. Mines dug under the ridge destroy the enemy and allow a clear allied victory.The Kerensky Offensive: July 1917, Eastern Front. A roll of the dice for the embattled revolutionary Russian government, the offensive fails and the anti-Bolsheviks benefit.Battle of Third Ypres / Passchendaele: July 21–November 6, Western Front. The battle which typified the later image of the Western Front as a bloody, muddy waste of life for the British.Battle of Caporetto: October 31–November 19, Italian Front. Germany makes a breakthrough on the Italian Front.Battle of Cambrai: November 20–December 6, Western Front. Although the gains are lost, tanks show just h ow much they will change warfare. 1918 Operation Michael: March 21–April 5, Western Front. The Germans begin one final attempt to win the war before the US arrives in great numbers.Third Battle of the Aisne: May 27–June 6, Western Front. Germany continues to try and win the war, but is growing desperate.Second Battle of the Marne: July 15–August 6, Western Front. The last of the German offensives, it ended with the Germans no nearer to winning, an army beginning to fall apart, broken morale, and an enemy making clear strides.Battle of Amiens: August 8–11, Western Front. The Black Day of the German Army: allied forces storm through German defenses and it’s clear who will win the war without a miracle: the allies.